Comparing projects

ABSTRACT

A project-comparator subsystem generates a similarity metric for input electronically-represented projects input to the project-comparator subsystem. A project search engine receives data that represents a first electronically-represented project, identifies, by pairwise comparison of the stored electronically-represented projects with the first electronically-represented project using the project-comparator subsystem, a stored electronically-represented project with greatest similarity to the first electronically-represented project, and outputs an indication of the identified stored electronically-represented project.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/636,412, filedSep. 21, 2012, which is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C.§371 of PCT/US2010/030518, filed Apr. 9, 2010, both hereby incorporatedby reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is related to project-management applications andother project-based computational tools and applications.

BACKGROUND

Project management within various types of organizations andinstitutions has become, in recent decades, a large and vital componentof these organizations and institutions. With the advent ofcost-effective, networked computing and software applications, a varietyof different applications and computing tools for facilitating projectmanagement have been developed. These tools and applications mayfacilitate creation of electronic documents that describe projects,tracking of project progress, project expenditures, project staffing,and other components of projects. While these tools provide greatutility and functionality to project managers and others concerned withproject management, project managers and various other personnel andmanagers involved, at various levels, with projects andproject-management applications and computational tools continue to seeknew and improved project-management tools and applications that providenew and useful functionality, increased efficiency, and otheradvantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an electronic-data representation of a project.

FIG. 2 illustrates a vector-based similarity metric.

FIGS. 3A-E illustrate one approach to generating a vector thatcorresponds to a text document.

FIG. 4 illustrates comparison of numeric values, extracted from anelectronic document, to produce a similarity metric that indicates thesimilarity of the two documents based on the numeric values containedwithin them.

FIG. 5 shows a method for computing a similarity metric between twographical images.

FIG. 6 shows an overall architecture of a computational projectcomparator that represents one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a project search engine that represents a family ofembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 8A-E provide control-flow diagrams that illustrate operation of aproject-search engine that represents one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a typical electronic computer on which project searchengines, project comparators, and other embodiments of the presentinvention may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Currently, project-management applications and tools do not provideefficient, convenient, and accurate methods and systems for identifyingprojects, electronically encoded and stored in project databases andother computational facilities, related to a particular project. Acurrent approach is to use keyword-based searching of text documentsrelated to projects, but such keyword-based searching methods aretedious, error prone, and often produce poorly defined, large resultsets that require a great detail of additional review and analysis.Another current approach involves executing relational-database queries,or other database-management-system queries, with respect toproject-related data stored in database management systems. Theseapproaches depend on a rational and efficient database schema design andon use of database management systems for storing significant portionsof project-related data, and are often tedious, error-prone, anddifficult for project managers and other personal to use.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a computationalsystem for determining the similarity between two different projects bycomparing the electronic-data representations the two projects usingproject-feature comparators and one or more feature-similarityaggregators. According to this project-comparator embodiment,information corresponding to each of a number of project features isextracted from both projects and the extracted information from bothprojects for each feature is supplied to a corresponding featurecomparator, which outputs a feature-similarity value. The outputs fromthe feature comparators are weighted and aggregated by one or morefeature-similarity aggregators to produce a final project-similarityvalue. The project comparator system can, in turn, be employed by aproject search engine, representing an additional embodiment of thepresent invention, to carry out pairwise project comparisons in order toidentify stored projects represented by electronic data that are similarto an input project.

FIG. 1 illustrates an electronic-data representation of a project. Theproject can generally be considered to be a collection of electronicdocuments 102-106, each containing different types of information.Certain portions of the information may be expressed in formatted text,other portions of the information may be expressed numerically and inequations, yet other portions of the information may be expressed ingraphics, graphical images, and photographs, other portions of theinformation may be expressed in unformatted text, and additional typesof information may include application-specific application-data files.

In FIG. 1, the electronic-data representation of the project includes aproject-overview document 102 that contains formatted text encoding aproject title 110, a brief project description 112, the name of aproject manager 114, the names of various engineers assigned to theproject 116, job titles, descriptions, or roles needed for the project,often needed prior to assignment of people to jobs, and other suchinformation. The electronic-data representation of the project alsocontains additional documents, including a business proposal 103, anarchitecture document for the device to be developed as a result ofsuccessful undertaking of the project 104, a financial statement for theproject 105, and a tasks document 106 including schedules, work flows,and other information. These additional documents may contain manydifferent types of data, including the various types of data discussedabove.

One embodiment of the present invention is a computational system forcomparing the electronic-data representations of two projects to producea similarity metric that expresses a computed similarity of the twoprojects. In one embodiment of the present invention, the computedsimilarity is a real value within the range [0, 1]. In one embodiment ofthe present invention, the project-similarity value is computed from anumber of feature-similarity values for various features of theelectronic-data-representation of the project.

There are generally many ways to decompose or partition anelectronic-data-representation of a project into a discrete number ofrepresentative features. For example, considering the electronic-datarepresentation of a project shown in FIG. 1, project features mayinclude a character string containing the project title, avariable-length character string containing a description of theproject, a date corresponding to the inception date of the project,graphical objects that represent architectural-diagram overviews of theproject, text and numeric data describing the project plan, includingsub-tasks, schedules, dependencies, and work breakdown structure, mixedtext and numeric data containing financial parameters for the project,text and numeric data containing resource parameters for the project,including human resource roles and the number of personnel for eachrole, a list of character strings containing the names of projectpersonnel, and other such features. Identification of a set ofcharacteristic features for a project, and extraction of data from theelectronic-data representation of a project for each feature, issomewhat arbitrary. For example, a personnel feature used tocharacterize projects in one implementation of the project comparatormay include a list of character strings that represents the names of allpeople involved with a project, while, in a different implementation ofthe project comparator, the names of those involved with the project maybe distributed among roles such as project-manager, engineers, andsupport-staff features. In general, within any particular computationalenvironment, electronic-data representations of projects may be somewhatstandardized, and the data structures and data content for each of thevarious sections and entities within a standardized project descriptionmay be selected as features, for purposes of the project-comparisonsystem that represents one embodiment of the present invention. The dataassociated with features may overlap, in certain implementations, andmuch of the data contained in an electronic-data representation of aproject may be omitted from features and from consideration by theproject comparator.

A variety of techniques can be used to compare the data content of aparticular feature extracted from two projects being compared by aproject comparator system, according to various embodiments of thepresent invention. Comparison techniques that produce similarity-metricvalues often depend strongly on the underlying data type for theinformation corresponding to a feature. Next, a number of differentcomparison methods for different types of data are discussed, asillustrations of various approaches used in feature-comparatorcomponents of a project comparator system, according to variousembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 2-3E illustrate a text-comparison method that can be useddetermine the similarity between two documents, pages, or paragraphswith formatted or unformatted text. FIG. 2 illustrates a vector-basedsimilarity metric. In FIG. 2, two three-dimensional vectors, vector A202 and vector B 204 are compared by a well-known comparison technique.In general, the technique can be used for n-dimensional vectors. The twovectors can be expressed in terms of the coordinates of the points atthe ends of the vectors, 206 and 208, using familiar coordinate-tripletexpressions 210. The dot product of two vectors is defined according toexpression 212 in FIG. 2. A magnitude, or length of the two vectors canbe computed by computing the square root of the self dot product of thevectors, as shown in equation 214 in FIG. 2. Using the definition of thedot product and the above-described computation of the magnitudes of thevectors, one can obtain an expression for the cosine of the angle θ 216between the two vectors in terms of the coordinates of the vectors,shown in expression 218 in FIG. 2. The cosine of the angle between thetwo vectors can be used as a similarity metric for the two vectors. Whenthe two vectors have the same direction, or, in other words, areparallel, the cosine of the angle between the two vectors is 1. When thetwo vectors have opposite directions, and are anti-parallel, the cosineof the angle between the two vectors is −1. The value of cos θ rangesfrom −1 to 1, and indicates the degree to which the two vectors havesimilar directions, or orientations. Using cos θ as a similarity metricignores differences in the magnitudes of the vectors which, for thepurpose of comparing text documents of different lengths, isadvantageous. The magnitudes of the vectors can be included, as anadditional term, in a more complex similarity metric computation, inalternative methods.

One general approach for computing a similarity metric for two textdocuments is to express each of the two text documents as a vector in ann-dimensional vector space and then to compute cos θ for the angledefined by the two vectors in the n-dimensional vector space, asdiscussed above with reference to FIG. 2. FIGS. 3A-E illustrate oneapproach to generating a vector that corresponds to a text document. Asshown in FIG. 3A, a text document 302 can be considered to be a sequenceof words. In FIG. 3A, each word, such as word 304, is represented by arectangle. In the illustrated method, the vector corresponding to thetext document 306 is a one-dimensional array with elements comprisingnumeric values. In FIG. 3A, prior to construction of an n-dimensionalvector that represents a text document, all the elements of the vector,or array, 306 are set to 0. Each element in the vector is indexed by aword, such as the word 308, which indexes the first element of thevector 310. In many text-comparison methods, the set of words, shown incolumn 312, that index the elements of a vector 306 representing a textdocument is an alphabetically ordered list of normalized termsencountered in the two documents that are being compared, or analphabetically ordered list of terms obtained from a dictionary,analysis of a corpus of documents, or by some other means. Constructionof the n-dimensional vector representing the text document also employsa normalization and filtering module 316 which normalizes and filtersinput words to generate either a normalized word within the index ofterms 312 or an indication that input word does not correspond to a wordin the index, and therefore does not contribute to construction of then-dimensional vector. As one example, the normalization and filteringmodule may choose to filter out, or ignore, articles, pronouns, andother commonly encountered words of low information content. As anotherexample, the normalization and filtering module may transform a varietyof different derived forms of a particular word into the root word ofthe derived forms. For example, plural terms may be converted tosingular terms, capitalized letters may be converted to correspondinglower-case letters, and various verb forms may be converted to thesingular, present-tense form of the verb, synonyms may be converted toparticular alternative terms, and other such normalization tasks may becarried out.

Instruction of the n-dimensional vector proceeds sequentially, byextracting each word, in order, from the text document, inputting eachextracted word to the normalization and filtering module 316, and usingthe corresponding output from the normalization and filtering module toupdate at most one element in the vector for each word extracted fromthe document. In FIG. 3A, a first word 320 is extracted from thedocument and input to the normalization and filter module 316. Outputfrom the normalization and filtering module indicates that the firstword 320 does not contribute to construction of the n-dimensional vectorrepresenting the document. The first word 320 may, for example, be anarticle. In FIG. 3B, the second word 322 of the document is extractedand input to the normalization and filtering module 316, which outputsthe root or stem of a word that occurs as index word 324 in the index.The corresponding element 326 of the n-dimensional vector isincremented, to reflect an occurrence of the root word in the document.In FIG. 3C, the third word in the document 328 is processed similarly,resulting in incrementing a corresponding element 330 of then-dimensional vector. Each next word in the document is similarlyprocessed, resulting finally, as shown in FIG. 3D, in an initial vectorV₀ 306 that includes, as elements, the number of times each of theindexing root words occurs in the text document. As shown in FIG. 3E,this initial vector, V₀, 306 is then arithmetically normalized toproduce a normalized vector 340. Normalization may involve dividing eachof the entries in the vector by the total sum of entries in the initialvector V₀. Alternative normalization methods may be used. The normalizedvector, V_(n), 340 is then multiplied, element-by-element, by anormalized weight vector 342 to produce a final vector, V_(f), 344 thatrepresents the text document. The weights in the weight vector 342 areused to assign levels of significance, or importance, to each of thedifferent indexing terms. Different normalized weight vectors may beused for text documents related to different subject areas, for example,to facilitate generation of meaningful similarity metrics on adocument-domain basis.

FIG. 4 illustrates comparison of numeric values, extracted from anelectronic document, to produce a similarity metric that indicates thesimilarity of the two documents based on the numeric values containedwithin them. In FIG. 4, two electronic documents 402 and 404 are shownto contain a number of numeric values, each numeric value represented bya rectangle, such as rectangle 406. The numeric values can be extractedfrom each document and placed into an array in numeric order 408 and410, with the first element in each array, such as element 412,containing the numeric value with minimum value, and the final element,such as element 414, in each array containing the numeric value withmaximum value, extracted from the corresponding document. A mean 416 andvariance 418 can be easily computed for the numbers in each array.Moreover, a relative overlap 420 can be computed as the length of aregion of overlap 422 between the ranges represented by the two arraysdivided by the total combined range 424 of the two arrays. A similarityvalue, generally ranging between [0, 1], can then be computed by afunction 425 that receives, as input parameters, the means, variances,and relative overlap. Many different arithmetic combinations of thesecomputed values may be used to compute an overall similarity metric, invarious alternative similarity-metric computational methods.

FIG. 5 shows a method for computing a similarity metric between twographical images. In FIG. 5, electronic representations of a firstgraphical image 502 and a second graphical image 504 are compared. In afirst step, the second graphical image is rotated 506 and scaled 508 toas closely approximate the first graphical image 502 as possible. Then,the rotated and scaled second image is superimposed over the first image510, and a degree of overlap of the two images is computed. In theexample shown in FIG. 5, the square 520, ellipses 522-523, and circle524 of the first image and the second, rotated and scaled image overlapcompletely, while the outer ellipse 526 of the first image is notoverlapped by a corresponding element in the second image. The number ofpixels in the overlapping regions divided by the total number of pixelsfor the two superimposed images may, for example, be used as therelative overlap of the two graphical images. A similarity metric can becomputed as a function of the rotation, scale, and degree of overlap528. Additional factors may consider colors in colored images, geometricprimitives, and other such image characteristics.

FIG. 6 shows an overall architecture of a computational projectcomparator that represents one embodiment of the present invention. Thecomputational project comparator that represents one embodiment of thepresent invention receives two electronic-data representations ofprojects 602 and 604 as input and generates a real-valued similaritymetric output 606 within the range [0, 1] that represents the similarityof the two projects to one another. A feature demultiplexer 608 extractsinformation from the two projects for each of n different features onwhich the project comparison is based. For example, the datacorresponding to a first feature is extracted from the two projects bythe feature demultiplexer and output 610-611 to the inputs 612 and 613of a feature comparator 616 for the first feature that compares theinformation extracted from the two projects for the first feature 612and 613 to produce a similarity metric 618 that is input to asecond-level comparator 620. The various feature comparators 616 and624-629 for the n features are generally data-type-specific comparators,such as the various different types of data-type-specific comparatorsdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 3A-E, 4, and 5. Two different featurecomparators may be two instances of a common comparator type. Forexample, two different features may both have text-document data typesand may therefore use a text-document data-type comparator, such as thatdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 3A-E. Many different hybrid featurecomparators are also possible. For example, a feature comparator forcomparing financial statements associated with a project may employ botha text-document-comparator function, such as that described withreference to FIGS. 3A-E, as well as a numeric-value-comparator function,such as that discussed with reference to FIG. 4, producing a finalsimilarity metric that is an arithmetic combination of similaritymetrics produced by the text-document-comparison functionality and thenumeric-value-comparison functionality.

The various different feature comparators generally include numeroustunable parameters. For example, the text feature comparator, discussedabove with reference to FIGS. 3A-E, includes a weight vector, with theindividual elements of the weight vector tunable in order to optimizethe similarity metrics produced by the text feature comparator. Thenumeric feature comparator, discussed with reference to FIG. 4, mayemploy various constant multipliers of values computed from the mean,variance, and relative-overlap values. The second-level comparator 620also generally applies multiplicative weights to the similarity metricsproduced by the various feature comparators to produce a finalsimilarity metric, and the weights applied by the second-levelcomparator to each of the similarity metrics produced by the featurecomparators represent a set of tunable parameters for the projectcomparator, as a whole.

FIG. 7 illustrates a project search engine that represents a family ofembodiments of the present invention. The project search engine 702receives, as input 704, a first project and returns 706, as output, alist of similar projects 710-713, in many embodiments sorted indescending or ascending project-comparator-producedsimilarity-metric-value order. A project search engine may additionallyreceive, as a final input 716, feedback from a user or from anapplication program related to the quality, or accuracy, of the outputlist of similar projects. This feedback, which, along with the originalinput 704 and output 706, is transmitted by the project search engine toa learning component 720 which stores the input/output history andfeedback in a learning-component database 722 for subsequence analysis.The project search engine accesses a project comparator subsystem 724,discussed above with reference to FIG. 6, and a database of projects726. The learning component 720 produces feedback 730 to the projectcomparator 724 to tune and re-weight the project comparator, based oninput/output and feedback history, in order to optimize the similaritymetrics produced by the project comparator. The project search enginelocates, in the project database, a number of projects similar to aninput project by pairwise comparison of the input project to all or asubset of the projects contained in the project database using theproject comparator subsystem.

FIGS. 8A-E provide control-flow diagrams that illustrate operation of aproject-search engine that represents one embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 8A provides a control-flow diagram for an event handlingloop for a project-search engine. In step 802, the project-search enginewaits for a next event to occur. In other words, the describedproject-search engine that represents one embodiment of the presentinvention is an event-driven, continuously available module that can beaccessed, through project-search-engine interfaces, by users andapplication programs. When an event occurs, and the event represents arequest for a project search, as determined in step 804, then theproject-search engine is invoked, in step 806, to search for projectsrelated to an input project. Otherwise, when the event corresponds to arequest for comparison of two projects, as determined in step 808, theproject comparator subsystem is invoked, in step 810, to provide asimilarity metric value that represents the similarity of the twoprojects to be compared, in step 810. When a timer has expired for thelearning module, as determined in step 812, then the learning module isinvoked, in step 814, to analyze stored input/output and feedbackhistory in order to provide tuning modifications to the projectcomparator, as discussed with reference to FIG. 7. Then, in step 816,the timer is reset. The types of events, detected in steps 804, 808, and812, are representative of many different possible events that may bedetected and handled by the event-handling loop of a project-searchengine. Other events, which may include additional timers, eventsassociated with various maintenance and administrative functionality forthe project-search engine, and other events are handled in a catch-allevent handler routine 818. Thus, when awakened in step 802, the eventhandler may detect the occurrence of, and launch routines and otherfunctionality to handle, multiple different events.

FIG. 8B provides a control-flow diagram for a project comparator, oneimplementation of which is discussed with reference to FIG. 6, whichrepresents one embodiment of the present invention. In step 820, theproject comparator receives two project inputs. The projects may beinput as files, electronic documents, or reference to files, electronicdocuments, or other computer-accessible electronic-data representationsof the two projects. In the for-loop of steps 822-826, each feature usedby the project comparator in the comparison of the two projects isconsidered in a separate iteration of the for-loop. In step 823,information corresponding to the currently considered feature isextracted from the input projects and, in step 824, this extractedinformation is furnished to a feature comparator corresponding to thecurrently considered feature to produce a similarity-metric value, asdiscussed above with reference to FIG. 6. In step 825, thesimilarity-metric value produced by the feature comparator for thecurrently considered feature is then input to the second-levelcomparator. As discussed above, with reference to FIG. 6, thesecond-level comparator multiplies the similarity metrics input from thevarious feature comparators by corresponding weights, andcomputationally combines the weighted similarity metrics to produce anoverall similarity-metric output, which is returned in step 828. Notethat the project comparator may carry out iterations of the for-loop ofsteps 822-826 sequentially or in parallel fashion, depending on theoperating system and/or hardware system above which the projectcomparator is implemented.

FIG. 8C provides a control-flow diagram for the project-search engine,which represents one embodiment of the present invention, describedabove with reference to FIG. 7. In step 830, the project-search enginereceives a project as a file, set of electronic documents, or one ormore references to files, electronic documents, or other electronic-datarepresentation of the project. In step 832, a list ofproject/similarity-metric pairs is initialized to the empty list. Then,in the for-loop of step 834-842, the input project is compared to eachof a number of projects stored in a project database to find similarprojects which are entered into the list of project/similarity-metricpairs initialized in step 832, generally in similarity-metric-valueorder. Each iteration of this for-loop represents a pairwise comparisonof the input project with a project extracted from the project database.In step 835, a filter is applied to the currently considered projectextracted from the project database. This filter may determine, from thevalues of several key features or from other characteristics orparameters of the currently considered project, whether the project hassufficient indication of similarity to justify a project-comparatorcomparison, and is thus a candidate project. When the currentlyconsidered project is ascertained to be a candidate project, asdetermined in step 836, then the currently considered project and theinput project are input to the project comparator, in step 837. If thelist of project/similarity-metric pairs is full, as determined in step838, and the output from the project comparator, called in step 837, isa similarity metric with a value greater than the minimum valuedsimilarity metric contained in the list of project/similarity-metricpairs, as determined in step 839, then the project having the minimumsimilarity-metric value currently on the list is removed and thecurrently considered project is added, along with the correspondingsimilarity metric, to the list so that the list remains insimilarity-metric-value order, in step 840. When the list is not full,the currently considered project is added to the list ofproject/similarity-metric pairs, along with the similarity metricproduced by the project comparator for the currently considered projectin step 837. When there are more projects in the project database toconsidered, as determined in step 842, control flows back to thebeginning of the for-loop for a subsequent iteration of the for-loop. Instep 844, the list of project/similarity-metric pairs, or a subset ofthe list of project/similarity-metric pairs with similarity metricsabove a threshold value, are displayed to a user or returned to arequesting application and, in step 846, when the user or applicationreturn feedback, then the list of project/similarity-metric pairs andinput project are transmitted, along with that feedback, to the learningmodule, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 7. Variousapplications and display interfaces may employ the similarity metricsassociated with projects in the returned list to display projects inascending or descending similarity-metric-value order, color codeprojects according to similarity value, or otherwise provide indicationsof the projects most similar to the input project.

FIG. 8D provides a control-flow diagram for the learning module, whichrepresents one embodiment of the present invention, discussed above withreference to FIG. 7. The learning module is invoked, at intervals, toanalyze stored learning-module data, provided to the learning module bythe project-search engine, in order to provide feedback to the projectcomparator. In step 850, the learning module computes correlationcoefficients for each feature used in project comparison with a list ofprojects associated with positive feedback. In step 852, the learningmodule computes correlation coefficients of each feature with a list ofprojects associated with negative feedback. In step 854, features withcorrelation coefficients with respect to project lists associated withnegative feedback greater than some threshold correlation-coefficientvalue are added to a first list. In step 856, the remaining featureswith correlation coefficients with respect to project lists associatedwith negative feedback less than or equal to the threshold value areadded to a second list. In step 858, features with computed correlationcoefficients with respect to project lists associated with positiveresults greater than a threshold value are removed from the second list.Thus, the first list includes features that appear to be stronglycorrelated with negative results and the second list includes featuresthat are not strongly associated with negative results but also notstrongly correlated to positive results. In step 860, the second portionof the learning-module functionality is invoked.

FIG. 8E provides a control-flow diagram for the remaining functionalityof the learning module, invoked in step 860 of FIG. 8D. In the for-loopof steps 870-875, each feature on the first list is separatelyconsidered, in a single-pass traversal of the first list. In step 871, achange in feature-comparator parameters that would appear to amelioratethe correlation with negative results is searched for, by systematicallyaltering feature-comparative parameters. When a change in thefeature-comparator parameters is found to ameliorate the correlationwith negative results, as determined in step 872, then those changes areoutput to a list a changes, in step 873, and the feature is removed fromlist 1. In a second for-loop of steps 880-885, a similar traversal ofthe second list is made, this time looking for changes to thefeature-comparator parameters that would produce a correlation withpositive results. If such changes are found, then they are output to thelist of changes in step 883, and the currently considered featuresremoved from list 2. In step 888, an optimization method is carried outon the weights applied by the second-level comparator, given changes tothe feature comparators according to the list of changes, to producesecond-level similarity metrics that best track feedback with respect tothe project-list results. Finally, in step 890, the changes to thefeature comparators and weights to be applied by the second-levelcomparator are transmitted to the project comparator, as discussed abovewith reference to FIG. 7, to tune the project comparator based on thestored feedback. The learning module may be invoked at regularintervals, when sufficient feedback has accumulated to justify a nextretuning of the project comparator, or according to other events andtimings, such as when feedback from users or application programsindicates that the similarity metrics produced by the project comparatordo not well correspond to expectations or external measures ofsimilarity.

The project-search engine that represents one embodiment of the presentinvention, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 7 and FIGS. 8A-Ecan, in turn, be used by a number of different project-managementapplications as well as directly by project managers and other users. Inone application, as a project manager begins to develop anelectronic-data representation of a project, a project-development toolsearches for, and locates similar projects using the project-searchengine, to assist the project manager in development of the currentproject. For example, the project manager may access the electronic-datarepresentations of similar projects in order to use portions of thoseelectronic-data representations in developing the new project. Asanother example, a project-manager-monitoring application may use theproject-search engine to identify projects similar to those projectsmanaged by a particular project manager in order to ascertain therelative success rate for the project manager as well as to identifypositive and negative characteristics of the project manager.

FIG. 9 illustrates a typical electronic computer on which project searchengines, project comparators, and other embodiments of the presentinvention may be implemented. The computer system contains one ormultiple central processing units (“CPUs”) 902-905, one or moreelectronic memories 908 interconnected with the CPUs by aCPU/memory-subsystem bus 910 or multiple busses, a first bridge 912 thatinterconnects the CPU/memory-subsystem bus 910 with additional busses914 and 916, or other types of high-speed interconnection media,including multiple, high-speed serial interconnects. These busses orserial interconnections, in turn, connect the CPUs and memory withspecialized processors, such as a graphics processor 918, and with oneor more additional bridges 920, which are interconnected with high-speedserial links or with multiple controllers 922-927, such as controller927, that provide access to various different types of mass-storagedevices 928, electronic displays, input devices, and other suchcomponents, subcomponents, and computational resources. Embodiments ofthe present invention may also be implemented on distributed computersystems and can also be implemented partially in hardware logiccircuitry.

Although the present invention has been described in terms of particularembodiments, it is not intended that the invention be limited to theseembodiments. Modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art.For example, a project comparator subsystem and project-search enginethat represent embodiments of the present invention may be implementedin a variety of different ways by varying any of the many well-knownimplementation parameters, including programming language, operatingsystem, modular organization, data structures, control structures, andother such parameters. As discussed above, any of various differentfeature comparators may be employed within the project comparator, basedon the data types of features and other considerations. The second-levelcomparator within the project comparator may simply sum weightedsimilarity metrics produced by the various feature comparators, or maycarry out any of various other computational combinations of the resultsproduced by the feature comparators to produce a finalproject-comparator similarity metric. The project-search engine thatrepresents one embodiment of the present invention may be directly usedby human users through a project-search-engine interface or mayalternatively be invoked by any of a variety of differentproject-management applications and tools

The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specificnomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the invention.However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specificdetails are not required in order to practice the invention. Theforegoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present inventionare presented for purpose of illustration and description. They are notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formsdisclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of theabove teachings. The embodiments are shown and described in order tobest explain the principles of the invention and its practicalapplications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to bestutilize the invention and various embodiments with various modificationsas are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended thatthe scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and theirequivalents:

1. A system comprising: at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to store electronically-represented projects represented by computer-accessible data; at least one processor; a project-comparator subsystem executable on the at least one processor to generate a similarity metric for input electronically-represented projects input to the project-comparator subsystem; a project search engine executable on the at least one processor to: receive data that represents a first electronically-represented project, identify, by pairwise comparison of the stored electronically-represented projects with the first electronically-represented project using the project-comparator subsystem, a stored electronically-represented project with greatest similarity to the first electronically-represented project, and output an indication of the identified stored electronically-represented project; and a learning module executable on the at least one processor to: receive feedback regarding electronically-represented projects identified as being similar to at least one electronically-represented project by the project search engine; and compute adjustments to the project-comparator subsystem in response to the received feedback.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the received feedback is from a user or a program.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the received feedback relates to an accuracy of identification of the electronically-represented projects as being similar by the project search engine.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the adjustments comprise adjustments of tunable parameters used by the project-comparator subsystem to generate the similarity metric for the input electronically-represented projects.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the learning module is to: identify features in electronically-represented projects associated with positive feedback, and identify features in electronically-represented projects associated with negative feedback; and modify the tunable parameters based on the identified features associated with positive feedback and on the identified features associated with negative feedback.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the modifying of the tunable parameters is to ameliorate correlation with the identified features associated with negative feedback, and to produce correlation with the identified features associated with the positive feedback.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the project-comparator subsystem comprises: a feature extractor to extract information related to project features from the input electronically-represented projects; feature comparators to each receive the information extracted by the feature extractor from each of the input electronically-represented projects related to a corresponding one of the project features, compare the received information from the input electronically-represented projects, and output a corresponding feature-similarity metric; and a second-level comparator to apply a weighting factor to each of the feature-similarity metrics output by the feature comparators to produce a corresponding weighted feature-similarity metric, and combine the weighted feature-similarity metrics to produce an output project-similarity metric.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the project-comparator subsystem includes feature comparators to compare extracted text from the input electronically-represented projects by creating a term-occurrence vector from the extracted text for each input electronically-represented project and computing a cosine of an angle between the term-occurrence vectors.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the project-comparator subsystem includes feature comparators to compare numerical values extracted from the input electronically-represented projects.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the project-comparator subsystem includes feature comparators to compare a figure or graphical data extracted from the input electronically-represented projects by rotating and scaling the figure or graphical data extracted from a first of the input electronically-represented projects with respect to the figure or graphical data extracted from a second of the input electronically-represented projects, and to compute a metric corresponding to an overlap of features within the figure or graphical data extracted from the first of the input electronically-represented projects and the figure or graphical data extracted from the second of the input electronically-represented projects.
 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the learning module is to be repeatedly invoked at respective points in time.
 12. A method comprising: receiving an electronically-represented project by a project search system implemented on one or more computer systems; generating, by a project-comparator subsystem of the project search system, a similarity metric for input electronically-represented projects input to the project-comparator subsystem; performing, by a project search engine of the project search system: identifying, by pairwise comparison of stored electronically-represented projects with the received electronically-represented project using the project-comparator subsystem, stored electronically-represented projects that are similar to the received electronically-represented project, and outputting an indication of the identified stored electronically-represented projects; and receiving, by a learning module, feedback regarding the identified stored electronically-represented projects; and computing, by the learning module, adjustments to the project-comparator subsystem in response to the received feedback.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the adjustments comprise adjustments of tunable parameters used by the project-comparator subsystem to generate the similarity metric for the input electronically-represented projects.
 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising: identifying, by the learning module, features in electronically-represented projects associated with positive feedback; identifying, by the learning module, features in electronically-represented projects associated with negative feedback; and modifying, by the learning module, the tunable parameters based on the identified features associated with positive feedback and on the identified features associated with negative feedback.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein modifying the tunable parameters ameliorates correlation with the identified features associated with negative feedback, and produces correlation with the identified features associated with the positive feedback.
 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising using data stored to represent the identified stored electronically-represented projects to further develop and manage the received electronically-represented project.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the project-comparator subsystem comprises: a feature demultiplexer that extracts information related to project features from the input electronically-represented projects; feature comparators that each receives information extracted by the feature demultiplexer from each of the input electronically-represented projects related to a corresponding one of the project features, compares the received information from the input electronically-represented projects, and outputs a feature-similarity metric; and a second-level comparator that applies a weighting factor to each of the feature-similarity metrics output by the feature comparators to produce a corresponding weighted feature-similarity metric, and combines the weighted feature-similarity metrics to produce an output project-similarity metric.
 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising invoking the learning module repeatedly at corresponding points in time to compute the adjustments.
 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that upon execution cause a system to: receive an electronically-represented project; generate, by a project-comparator subsystem, a similarity metric for input electronically-represented projects input to the project-comparator subsystem; perform, by a project search engine: identifying, by pairwise comparison of stored electronically-represented projects with the received electronically-represented project using the project-comparator subsystem, stored electronically-represented projects that are similar to the received electronically-represented project, and outputting an indication of the identified stored electronically-represented projects; and receive, by a learning module, feedback regarding the identified stored electronically-represented projects; and compute, by the learning module, adjustments to the project-comparator subsystem in response to the received feedback.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the adjustments comprise adjustments of tunable parameters used by the project-comparator subsystem to generate the similarity metric for the input electronically-represented projects, and wherein the instructions upon execution cause the system to: identify, by the learning module, features in electronically-represented projects associated with positive feedback; identify, by the learning module, features in electronically-represented projects associated with negative feedback; and modify, by the learning module, the tunable parameters based on the identified features associated with positive feedback and on the identified features associated with negative feedback. 